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İlk defa M.Ö. 201 yılında yazılı kaynaklarda haklarında bilgi verilen Kırgız Türkleri, tarihte çeşitli siyasi organizasyonlar ve devletler teşkil etmişlerdir. Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasıyla birlikte 31 Ağustos 1991 tarihinde bağımsız Kırgız Cumhuriyeti devleti kurulmuştur. Bağımsızlık sonrası süreçte devlet tarafından ortaya koyulan siyasi söylemler ve uygulamalar ile Kırgızistan, Orta Asya’nın en demokratik ülkesi olarak anılmaya başlanmıştır. Kırgızistan coğrafyası tarihten günümüze ticaret yollarının üzerinde bulunan, merkezî Asya’da doğudan batıya geçiş noktasını teşkil eden jeostratej ...Более
This paper aims to investigate the impact of infrastructure on trade in Central Asia based on the data of three countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Empirical estimations are based on panel data for the period 2010-2018. Infrastructure is measured by quality and quantity indicators. Trade flows are measured by the export and import volumes of each of these countries with their main trade partner countries. The results show that both the quality and quantity of infrastructure in Central Asia have a positive impact on trade flows. However, the positive impact of infrastructure over ...Более
Fire blight is the most devastating disease affecting pome fruit production globally. The pathogen is native to North America and was imported to western Europe in the 1950s, progressively spreading over the continent in the ensuing decades. Previous phylogenetic studies have revealed the extreme genetic homogeneity of the pathogen outside its center of origin, which makes epidemiological studies difficult. These are generally only possible using hypervariable regions of the genome such as those represented by CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), which are, howe ...Более
This article analyses the main determinants of South Korean foreign policy towards Central Asian countries. The article describes the Korean position with its particular parameters to understand the main motivations in the regional relationship. Additionally, gained profits of the Central Asian countries are also investigated under the win-win strategy of Seoul.